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February 27, 2009
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By: Baiq LWS Wardhani
Saat ini
Berbagai persoalan bangsa itu membawa pertanyaan: bagaimanakah pendidikan di
Pertanyaan mendasar yang dikemukakan dalam makalah ini adalah: bagaimanakah peran pendidikan dalam membentuk karakter nasional yang dapat dijadikan soft power sebagai modal untuk menghadapi persaingan di era kesejagatan (globalisasi)? Argumen yang dicoba dikemukanan di sini adalah, pendidikan merupakan elemen dasar yang harus dibangun, diperkuat dan diutamanakan jika bangsa
Pendidikan dan Karakter Nasional
Apakah karakter nasional itu dan seperti apakah karakter nasional bangsa
Secara definitif karakter nasional adalah kualitas psikologis yang dimiliki secara kolektif oleh sekelompok masyarakat. Istilah ini sering digunakan secara bergantian dengan nilai-nilai inti (core values), yaitu dapat dipercaya/amanah (trustworthiness), hormat (respect), tanggungjawab (responsibility), kejujuran (fairness), kasih sayang (caring), dan kewarganegaraan (citizenship) (oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.html).
Pendidikan seperti apa yang dikembangkan agar anak didik memiliki karakter bangsa yang membentuk elemen-elemen dalam core values? Apakah masalah yang dihadapi oleh otoritas pelaksana pendidikan di
Pertama, masalah otoritas pendidikan yang memberi penekanan pada aspek kognitif yang berlebihan. Aspek ini merupakan aspek yang relatif paling mudah dilaksanakan dibandingkan dengan dua aspek lainnya, yaitu afektif dan psikomotorik. Akibatnya, peserta didik sebatas ‘tahu’ dan ‘mengenal’ materi pembelajaran tanpa memahami, apalagi menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Terdapat kendala dalam menerapkan aspek afektif dan psikomotorrik dalam sikap dan perilaku keseharian. Akibatnya, pendidikan terjebak dalam pola yang mekanistis. Bagaimana mungkin pola mekanistis mampu membentuk karakter bangsa yang memerlukan sentuhan manusiawi? Pendidikan nasional di Indonesia cenderung menghasilkan “manusia robot” yang tidak toleran dan apatis, dengan mereduksi makna manusia sebagai homo socius. Lembaga pendidikan PBB, UNESCO, menggariskan pentingnya tiga unsur dalam proses pendidikan, yaitu belajar untuk tahu (learn to know), belajar untuk berbuat (learn to do), belajar untuk menjadi diri sendiri (learn to be her/himself), belajar untuk hidup bersama (learn to live together) (Sahid, 2000).
Kedua, persoalan terbatasnya dana yang dialokasikan untuk pengembangan sektor pendidikan.
Ketiga, hal kesiapan tenaga pendidik untuk mempersiapkan tujuan yang ditargetkan. Tenaga pendidik merupakan ujung tombak bagi keberhasilan tujuan pendidikan. Mereka harus dipersiapkan sedemikian rupa agar mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi. Paradigma baru pendidikan nasional menuntut tenaga pengajar secara terus menerus memperbaharui pengetahuan (refresh/up-date), bersikap terbuka terhadap hal-hal baru (open mind) dan bersikap bersedia membantu (helpful). Tenaga pengajar, terutama di pendidikan tingkat dasar, berperan tidak hanya sebagai pengalih (transfer) ilmu melainkan juga pembentuk karakter anak didik. Peran ini belum dilaksanakan secara maksimal oleh tenaga pengajar nasional terkait dengan proses seleksi dan pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar yang masih problematik.
Terakhir, diperlukan lingkungan sekitar dan suasana yang kondusif bagi penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Ketiga faktor terdahulu tidak berarti apapun jika faktor terakhir ini tidak mendukung. Diperlukan stabilitas nasional, dukungan keluarga, masyarakat, LSM maupun lembaga lain merupakan pilar-pilar pendukung bagi keberlangsungan iklim pendidikan yang produktif dan berdampak positif bagi terciptanya karakter bangsa peserta didik. Jika salah satu pilar terganggu maka seluruh proses pembelajaran pun terganggu.
Soft Power dan Globalisasi
Soft power[1] berarti bagaimana mendapatkan sesuatu yang diinginkan tanpa menggunakan kekerasan fisik atau paksaan uang. Soft power muncul dari daya tarik suatu bangsa yang bersumber dari kebudayaan, kearifan lokal, pemikiran-pemikiran cemerlang dan kreatif warganegaranya. Soft power merupakan elemen penting kekuatan nasional dan menjadi kian penting di masa kini dan mendatang.
Mengapa soft power penting di era kesejagatan? Argumen dasarnya adalah, hanya dengan memiliki soft power,
Salah satu ciri era kesejagatan adalah kompetisi sekaligus saling ketergantungan, yang dua hal ini memerlukan pengelolaan agar dapat memberi manfaat maksimal. Kondisi saling ketergantungan sengaja diciptakan sebagai paradigma manajemen modern yang memandang keberhasilan sebagai hasil kerja kelompok. Interdependensi dalam era kesejagatan menciptakan interaksi yang semakin meningkat dan intensif, yang darinya dapat melahirkan peluang-peluang baru yang harus dimanfaatkan agar globalisasi mampu memberi makna positif.
Hanya negara-negara yang memiliki karakter nasional kuat yang siap bersaing ditengah globalisasi. Tengoklah dua bangsa besar yang sering menjadi contoh masyarakat yang memiliki karakter nasional yang kuat, yakni
Bandingkan dengan
Kekuatan nasional seringkali muncul saat terdapat “musuh bersama” yang harus dihadapi. Jika pada masa revolusi kemerdekaan musuh bersama bangsa
Bagaimanakah peranan perguruan tinggi dalam mengembangkan soft power?
Karakter nasional yang kuat diperlukan sebagai modal utama menciptakan soft power. Membentuk (kembali) karakter nasional bukanlah proses instan dan diperlukan tenggang waktu yang panjang untuk selanjutnya menjadikannya sebagai soft power. Diperlukan kerja keras, terus menerus dan memerlukan dukungan dan kesediaan semua aktor, baik negara maupun segenap lapisan masyarakat. Amerika, misalnya memerlukan sekitar dua abad (200 tahun) untuk menuju ke arah tersebut. Amerika dapat disebut sebagai salah satu negara yang paling banyak ‘mengekspor’ soft power, mulai dari ilmu dan teknologi, ide-ide, pemikiran dan ciptakarya baru, budaya pop, makanan dan minuman, sampai gaya hidup.
Secara lebih khusus saya ingin menggarisbawahi pentingnya lembaga pendidikan dalam membangun soft power yang dapat dijadikan modal bersaing di era globalisasi. Lembaga pendidikan formal maupun non-formal adalah tempat yang paling tepat untuk membangun insan unggul karena di tempat-tempat inilah ide-ide disampaikan, kecerdasan dipertajam, kepekaan diasah, dan ketrampilan diajarkan. Lembaga pendidikan dasar merupakan ujung tombak pencapaian tujuan tersebut karena pada tempat inilah anak didik difasilitasi untuk menerima proses belajar yang mengarahkan mereka kepada pembentukan karakter nasional.
Lembaga pendidikan tinggi pun berperan sebagai institusi yang melanjutkan upaya-upaya yang dasar-dasarnya telah diletakkan di pendidikan dasar. Lembaga pendidikan tinggi memiliki peran sebagai agen perubahan yang dapat memberi kemaslahatan bagi rakyat banyak. Berdasarkan misi yang diembannya tersebut, lembaga pendidikan selayaknya mengembangkan pendekatan dan/ sistem pendidikan yang humanistik yang “menjadikan peserta didik sebagai subyek yang mengikuti learning process yang bebas dan kreatif…” (Sujana, et. al, 2007: 6) Pendidikan tinggi diharapkan berperan sebagai pencetak para intelektual yang humanis, yang siap bersaing dan mampu mensejajarkan
Joseph S. Nye (2003) berpendapat bahwa perguruan tinggi memiliki peranan penting dalam menciptakan soft power.
Secara umum, pendidikan di semua jenjang harus mampu berperan dan mempersiapkan peserta didik dalam menghadapi era kesejagatan. Secara lebih khusus, peranan perguruan tinggi dalam mengembangkan soft power dapat dikategorikan dalam dua hal: pertama, sebagai pencetak atau penghasil para intelektual yang memiliki berbagai soft skills yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai soft power (fungsi ini disebut fungsi produksi); kedua, lembaga pendidikan sebagai subyek sekaligus role model bagi pelaksana nilai-nilai soft power (fungsi ini disebut fungsi figuratif).
Peran pertama (sebagai fungsi produksi) dapat dilakukan dengan cara menciptakan proses belajar mengajar yang diarahkan pada dihasilkannya tenaga intelektual yang memiliki daya nalar tajam, terampil dalam bidang ilmunya, mempunyai kepekaan sosial yang tinggi dan mampu memberi sumbangan positif pada sekelilingnya. Hal ini dapat dicapai apabila didukung oleh empat faktor seperti tersebut di atas, yaitu tersedianya kurikulum yang baik dan mendukung pencapaian tujuan, dana yang memadai, tenaga pendidik yang berkualitas, dan lingkungan yang kondusif. Perguruan tinggi-perguruan tinggi terkemuka di dunia yang mendudukkan diri sebagai centre of excellence, selalu berupaya menjalankan fungsi ini secara maksimal.
Peran kedua (sebagai fungsi figuratif) dlaksanakan oleh pergutruan tinggi yang dapat menjadikan dirinya sebagai role model bagi pengembangan soft power. Tujuan ini dapat dilaksanakan, misalnya dengan cara meningkatkan program pertukaran pelajar dengan bangsa yang berkultur berbeda, dan dengan meningkatkan jumlah mahasiswa maupun tetamu intelektual mancanegara. Program ini akan menyebabkan tumbuhnya saling pengertian di antara para civitas academica. Terdapat kecenderungan positif di
Jika dua peran ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik maka perguruan tinggi telah melakukan fungsinya sebagai penyebar soft power. Perguruan tinggi yang demikianlah yang mampu bersaing di era globalisasi, yang dalam konteks ini, harus disikapi secara positif. Lebih menarik lagi jika dikaji lebih jauh mengenai salah satu dimensi globalisasi yang disebut dengan liberalisasi/pasar bebas, yang tidak dapat dihindarkan, juga menyentuh dunia pendidikan tinggi. Perguruan tinggi yang berkualitaslah yang siap bersanig di era pasar bebas. Sudah siapkan lembaga pendidikan tinggi
Penutup
Saat ini bangsa
Jika perhatian lebih serius diberikan untuk mengembangkan pendidikan, maka bangsa
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By: Baiq LWS Wardhani
Introduction
The search of Australian identity has been problematic since the British colonialist left the country. The debates generally end with various views from different perspectives. Hence, the adoption of multiculturalism as an ideology for social engineering to some extent has been sucessful despite some limits to its implementation. (Wardhani 2001) The strategy, however observed as the most appropriate for the Australian nation.
Imagined Australian?
Australian national identity is the sum of all the qualities, real or imaginary, which in the minds of people, especially of Australian themselves, distinguish Australia from other countries, or perhaps better, Australian-ness from British-ness, French-ness, Chinese-ness. (Inglis 1991: 18)
The questions of ‘who is an Australian?’ and the notion of ‘imagined Australian’ has led to many opinions to find the answer. Ann-Mari Jordens, in her book Redifining Australians: Immigration, Citizenship and National Identity, argues a nations’s understanding of itself is revealed by categories of people its regards of foreign as alien, as ‘other’. From 1948 to 1987, the Nationality and Citizenship Act defined an alien as ‘a person who does not have the status of a British subject and is not an Irish citizen or a protected person’. That is, the image of Australians enshrine in Australian citizenship legislation was that of an Anglo-Celtic people. The legislation which regulated almost every aspect of Australian life, protected and reinforced the British character of Australian society by excluding and discriminating against aliens. (Jones 1995: 1) Furthermore, she suggests Australian national identity was conceived of in a way which presumed a shared culture and common political interests. This marginalized sections of society which did not fit into this imagined community.
The word ‘ethnic’ is usually used to describe the non-Anglo Celtic section of community in Australia, whether overseas or Australian born, and particularly referring to those from Southern Europe, Asian and Pacific Islanders countries. While ethnicity has become a much used term, its meaning remains unclear. Smolicz claims, the limitation of the term “ethnic” to minorities is, however, misleading, since it is equally applicable to the Anglo-Celtic majority (with its numerous sub-group such as English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Cornish, etc.), as well as minorities. This is an increasing appreciation that the application of the word “ethnic” to all groups make for the equality of all Australians. (Smolicz 1992: 6) Former designations, such as, “New Australians” or “migrants” tended to single out the new arrivals from non-English speaking backgrounds as somehow less than “real Australians” who were deemed to be descended from the dominant group. Elsewhere, Smolicz inserts once ethnicity is understood as a universal phenomenon that embraces everyone, whatever their background, the issue arises of how successful
In his book, ‘Who is an Australian? Identity, Core, Values, and the Resilience of Culture’, Smolicz concludes, based on his examination on citizenship in Germany and Australia, that Australia is probably the most liberal country in the world, since naturalization maybe granted as soon as two years after receiving resident status. This compares to up to 10 years’ residence normally required in
Moreover, Smolicz continues that Australian identity still is in question and remains complex when it is involved the Aborigines. This group has rejected cultural absorption and seeking to preserve important aspect of their own heritage, while at the same time wishing to be fully accepted as Australians and people “of this country”. Once they have been refused the right to be “Australians” (and marginalized instead as Aborigines) on account of their race and/ or the culture that they preserve, their most likely response is to search for a destiny under some other name.
According to Canberra Times of 6 April 1991, former Prime Minister Hawke, “we will never be a mature and just society until we have reached a reconciliation between Aborigines and non-Aborigines”. This implies that Australian society is immature and unjust of their behavior to this indigenous people. Elsewhere, Keating said “a rightful place in society for Aboriginal Australians is central to our identity and self-esteem... Central to our reputation in the world… and central to the debate about what kind of society we want”. He stressed that, “The Aboriginal and the Torres Islanders must be central in the future and to the Australian nation”. The former Aboriginal Affairs Minister, Robert Tickner added, the process of reconciliation, which aims to transform relations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginals, “lies in the heart of
A Self-Image
The muscular bushman / digger / lifesaver was working class. He was a battler who did not take kindly to authority. It was a populist image that fitted into the concept of
Nationalism has usually related to the historical moment happened in a nation-state, such as colonial liberation struggle, revolution, civil war or war with foreign powers fought on its own soil, or they have shared heritage and culture as a viable ideology of the nation. But these did not happen in Australia. So, how to define Australian nationalism, especially since multiculturalism is declared as a national ideal? Alan Hodges suggests:
It is no accident that nationalism in this country has tended to be isolationist (“Australian for the Australians”), exclusivist (those endless derogatory terms to refer to those who did not “fit in”), suspicious of authority and racist” …This Australian brand of nationalism created in the national psyche an image of Australia as a lifeboat: afloat in troubled seas, taking on board those who were prepared to shed their old ways and be like the rest of us. (Hodges 1988: 8-9)
In the term of multiculturalism, the term ‘culture’ is more attached to the idea of nation rather than states, which the latter gives more emphasis in a political and territorial entity. A nation-state in modern era has been changed its substance, unlike the classic Herderian model where between nation and state cannot be separated each other. Evidently, as a result of globalization, nowadays not many state can only comprise a single ethnic group. In
The unity of state, as manifested by its common citizenship and institutional structures, is being complemented by the recognition, toleration and acceptance of cultural diversity at a national level. The result of this, is Australia would be a nation which is built on multicultural principles. (Smolicz 1995) In this regard, it is needed to redefine the concept of nation in the context of multi-ethnic state. The term ‘nation’ in Australian nation will no longer in terms of mono-ethnic and mono-cultural one, which obviously do not fit contemporary Australia. Smolicz (1985: 13) argues, the Australian nation cannot be squeezed back into Anglo-Celtic box, which it outgrew long ago and which, from Aboriginal perspective, was a misfit from the start. (Veit-Brause 1995: 72) Veit-Brause proposes the concept of civility[1] for a state like Australia instead of national identity. This concept is more appropriate to characterize the unique Australian nationhood. This new conceptualization is needed to bridge the confusion about ethnicity and nationality in the so-called Australian cosmopolitanism nation.
An Asian identity?
Internationally, the problem of Australian identity is also questioned. Australia has been in the middle of a relocation process in international affairs. A problem between Australian location and identity, has changed Australian attitude towards Asia-Pacific region. Gareth Evans speaking in Kuala Lumpur in July 1991, asking :
Are we to be forever seen as a European outpost, a kind of cultural misfit trapped by geography in an alien environment? Or are we to recognize that Australia’s future lies inevitably in the Asia-Pacific region – that is where we live and must survive strategically and economically, and we must find a place and role if we are to develop our full potentials as a nation? (Quoted in Firth 1993: 1)
Also, the Former Prime Minister Paul Keating said in Sydney, in April 1992, that “our destiny as a nation lies in Asia and the Pacific”. (Firth 1993: 1)
The idea that
Garnaut Report in 1989 suggests Asian immigrants could form a ‘bridgehead’ for native-born Australians wanting to make links with the region. (East Asia Analytical Unit 1989) Furthermore, this report strongly recommends that Australia must improve its economic performance by linking itself more closely to northeast Asia, economically and culturally. As a consequence, as the report recommends, every high school should teach an Asian language and Asian culture.
From the early 1970s, the economic importance of the Asia-Pacific region to Australia has grown dramatically. Currently, the Asia-Pacific region is the location for over two-thirds of Australia’s imports and exports, including ASEAN states, PRC, Hong Kong, South Korea, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, the US and Canada. By contrast, just over 3 percent of Australia’s exports go to the UK and only about 2 percent of UK export find their way to Australia. (Higgot 1993: 49)
During the past few years, the support for an Australian republic has widespread in the community at large. “Closing a branch office of empire” and debate over republicanism have shown the changing context of Australia’s relation with Britain. The debate over republicanism is being conducted primarily at the domestic level and gains support especially from Australian non-British people who look at British remoteness and the meaningless of British monarchy. The Australian Republican Movement was formed in 1991 and has grown increasingly active, especially since Paul Keating was in power who targeted the republic will be forming in 2001. Keating’s attempts to internationalize Australian economy and its enmeshment in Asia and a reconciliation of a black-white divide in Australian society would have produced a unique Australian identity for the next century.
Republicanism, as Woolcott suggests, should be focused on Australia’s best interests as a nation, on what Australians feel about their national identity and how that might be more closely defined the world. According to him,
It is the time to put past or lingering personal and political suspicions behind us; to put the long term interest at the forefront. …Our self-confident, pride, and national identity would be strengthened by becoming a republic. (Woolcott, The Weekend Australia, 19-20 October, 1996)
In international relations, especially in dealing with its Southeast Asian and Pacific countries,
Furthermore, many Asian countries are suspicious toward
V. Conclusion
The Australian experience of nationhood maybe unique, and to some extent, is raising confusion to their society, especially when they talk about identity. The confusion appears because of the very rapid change since the mass immigration policy. As Freeman and Jupp examine, unlike Americans who do not confuse about their sense of “Americaness” as the result of the government’s massive efforts on education and propaganda, Australia might apply the same method while avoid the problems America has faced.
The current society
Adding the problem in finding its internal identity,
[1] The concept can be found in Irmline Veit-Brause, ‘Rethinking the State of the Nation’, in Joseph A. Cmilleri, et. al. (eds.), The State in Transition: Reimagining political Space, London : Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1995, p. 72.
at 2/27/2009 Posted by The Art of International Relations
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